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C++ Beginner's Guide: Building a Guess Number Game

· 13 min read

这篇博客记录了我跟着 C++ Beginner's Guide 学习 C++ 的第一天,并通过一个猜数字游戏的实践来加深对 I/O、基本数据类型、控制流等基础知识的理解。

准备开发环境

在 macOS 上,可以直接使用 clang/clang++ 来编译 C++ 代码,也可以使用 gcc/g++ 命令,因为他们指向的均为 clang:

> gcc --version
Apple clang version 14.0.0 (clang-1400.0.29.202)
Target: arm64-apple-darwin22.3.0
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin
> g++ --version
Apple clang version 14.0.0 (clang-1400.0.29.202)
Target: arm64-apple-darwin22.3.0
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin
> clang --version
Apple clang version 14.0.0 (clang-1400.0.29.202)
Target: arm64-apple-darwin22.3.0
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin
> clang++ --version
Apple clang version 14.0.0 (clang-1400.0.29.202)
Target: arm64-apple-darwin22.3.0
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin

你也可以使用 cpp.sh 在线运行 C++ 代码。其它平台的安装方式可以参考 C++ Development Setup

学习基础知识

首先,参考 Hello World 学习如何编写、编译并运行一个简单的 C++ 程序。

  1. 创建一个名为 hello.cpp 的文件,内容如下:
hello.cpp
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello World!\n";
}
  1. hello.cpp 编译为可执行文件 hello 并运行:
g++ hello.cpp -o hello && ./hello

# Hello World!

第一个简单的 hello.cpp 程序主要包含了以下几个部分:

  • #include <iostream>:包含了 C++ 标准库中的 iostream 头文件,该头文件包含了 std::coutstd::cin 等用于输入输出的对象。
  • int main():程序的入口函数,所有的 C++ 程序都必须包含一个 main 函数。
  • std::cout << "Hello World!\n";:输出字符串 "Hello World!",并在末尾添加一个换行符 \n

输入与输出

C++ 中的输入输出可以通过 std::cinstd::cout 对象来实现:

  • std::cin:用于从标准输入(通常是键盘)读取数据。
  • std::cout:用于向标准输出(通常是屏幕)输出数据。

下面是一个使用 std::cinstd::cout 的简单示例:

io.cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
int a, b;
std::cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
std::cin >> a >> b;
std::cout << "The numbers you entered are: " << a << " and " << b << '\n';
}

io.cpp 编译为可执行文件 a.out(未指定 -o 时的默认值)并运行:

g++ --std=c++20 io.cpp && ./a.out

# Enter two numbers: 2 3
# The numbers you entered are: 2 and 3

在上面的示例程序中:

  • 输入时使用了 std::cin >> a >> b; 语句读取两个数值并分别赋值给 ab
  • 输出时使用了 std::cout << "The numbers you entered are: " << a << " and " << b << '\n'; 语句将 ab 的值输出到屏幕上。
  • >><< 为流操作符,用于将数据从流中读取或写入到流中。

更多信息可以参考 Input & Output (Basics)

变量声明与数据类型

C++ 中声明变量的语法为:

type variable = value;

例如,声明一个整型变量 a 并赋值为 5

int a = 5;

更多信息可以参考 Fundamental Types

控制流

关于控制流的详细信息可以参考 Control Flow (Basics)

条件

条件语句可以通过 ifelseelse if 关键字来实现,语法如下:

if (condition1) {
// do this if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2) {
// else this id condition2 is true
} else {
// otherwise do this
}

下面是判断输入的数字是正数、负数还是零的示例程序:

condition.cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
int i = 0;
std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
std::cin >> i;
if (i == 0) {
std::cout << "zero\n";
} else if (i > 0) {
std::cout << "positive\n";
} else {
std::cout << "negative\n";
}
}

condition.cpp 编译为可执行文件并运行:

g++ --std=c++20 condition.cpp && ./a.out

#Enter a number: 0
# zero

# Enter a number: 1
# positive

# Enter a number: -1
# negative

循环

C++ 中的循环语句可以通过 whiledo whilefor 关键字来实现,使用示例如下:

while

下面示例输出结果为 5 6 7 8 9

while.cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
int i = 5;
while (i < 10) {
std::cout << i << ' ';
i = i + 1;
}
}

do ... while

下面示例输出结果为 10

do_while.cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
int i = 10;
do {
std::cout << i << ' ';
i = i + 1;
} while (i < 10);
}

for

下面示例输出结果为 5 6 7 8 9

for.cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
for (int i = 5; i < 10; i = i + 1) {
std::cout << i << ' ';
}
}

实践:猜数字游戏

编写一个猜数字游戏,程序随机生成一个 1 到 100 之间的整数,用户输入一个数字,程序判断用户输入的数字是否正确,如果错误则提示用户输入的数字过大或过小,直到用户猜中为止。

伪代码

1. 生成一个 1 到 100 之间的随机数
2. 用户输入一个数字 guess_number
3. 如果 guess_number == random_number,则提示用户猜中,游戏结束
4. 如果 guess_number > random_number,则提示用户输入的数字过大,然后跳转到第 2 步
5. 如果 guess_number < random_number,则提示用户输入的数字过小,然后跳转到第 2 步

生成随机数

首先需要解决的问题是如何生成一个 1 到 100 之间的随机数。可以在 cppreference.com 中搜索 rand,找到 std::rand 函数。该函数用于生成一个 [0, RAND_MAX] 之间的随机数,并不符合我们的需求。但是,在 std::rand 文档的 See also 章节可以看到:

quote
  • uniform_int_distribution: produces integer values evenly distributed across a range
  • srand: seeds pseudo-random number generator
  • RAND_MAX: maximum possible value generated by std::rand
  • randint: generates a random integer in the specified range

因此可以使用 std::uniform_int_distribution 生成一个 [min, max] 之间的随机数。

guess_number.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <random>

int main() {
std::random_device rd;
std::mt19937 gen(rd());
std::uniform_int_distribution<> distrib(1, 100);
int answer = distrib(gen);

std::cout << "The answer is: " << answer;
}

处理用户输入

用户输入的数字可以通过 std::cin 来获取:

guess_number.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <random>

int main() {
std::random_device rd;
std::mt19937 gen(rd());
std::uniform_int_distribution<> distrib(1, 100);
int answer = distrib(gen);

std::cout << "The answer is: " << answer << '\n';

int guess_number;
std::cout << "Guess the number: ";
std::cin >> guess_number;

std::cout << "The guess_number is: " << guess_number << '\n';
}

判断用户输入的数字是否正确

使用 if 语句来判断用户输入的数字是否正确:

guess_number.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <random>

int main() {
std::random_device rd;
std::mt19937 gen(rd());
std::uniform_int_distribution<> distrib(1, 100);
int answer = distrib(gen);

std::cout << "The answer is: " << answer << '\n';

int guess_number;
std::cout << "Guess the number: ";
std::cin >> guess_number;

std::cout << "The guess_number is: " << guess_number << '\n';

if (guess_number == answer) {
std::cout << "Congratulations!\n";
} else if (guess_number < answer) {
std::cout << "Guess a higher number!\n";
} else {
std::cout << "Guess a lower number!\n";
}
}

添加循环

使用 while 循环在用户没有猜中的情况下一直提示用户输入:

guess_number.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <random>

int main() {
std::random_device rd;
std::mt19937 gen(rd());
std::uniform_int_distribution<> distrib(1, 100);
int answer = distrib(gen);

std::cout << "The answer is: " << answer << '\n';

while (true) {
int guess_number;
std::cout << "Guess the number: ";
std::cin >> guess_number;

if (guess_number == answer) {
std::cout << "Congratulations!\n";
break;
} else if (guess_number < answer) {
std::cout << "Guess a higher number!\n";
} else {
std::cout << "Guess a lower number!\n";
}
}
}

使用示例如下:

g++ --std=c++20 guess_number.cpp && ./a.out
# The answer is: 5
# Guess the number: 2
# Guess a higher number!
# Guess the number: 4
# Guess a higher number!
# Guess the number: 5
# Congratulations!

提供当前猜数字的范围

在提示用户输入更大或更小数值时,可以提供更准确的正确数字范围。在程序处理中,需要在 while 循环内记录并维护当前的数字范围:

  • guess_number < answer 时,min_val 应该更新为 guess_number + 1max_val 不变。
  • guess_number > answer 时,min_val 不变,max_val 应该更新为 guess_number - 1
guess_number.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <random>

int main() {
int min_val = 1;
int max_val = 100;
std::random_device rd;
std::mt19937 gen(rd());
std::uniform_int_distribution<> distrib(min_val, max_val);
int answer = distrib(gen);

std::cout << "The answer is: " << answer << '\n';

while (true) {
int guess_number;
std::cout << "Guess the number: ";
std::cin >> guess_number;

if (guess_number == answer) {
std::cout << "Congratulations!\n";
break;
} else if (guess_number < answer) {
min_val = guess_number + 1;
std::cout << "Guess the number from " << min_val << " to " << max_val
<< '\n';
} else {
max_val = guess_number - 1;
std::cout << "Guess the number from " << min_val << " to " << max_val
<< '\n';
}
}
}

在测试时发现,如果猜测的数字不在当前范围内,程序给出的提示信息不准确。例如,如果当前范围为 [56, 69],而用户输入的数字为 52,此时程序提示的范围为 [53, 69],这是不正确的。

g++ --std=c++20 guess_number.cpp && ./a.out
# The answer is: 57
# Guess the number: 50
# Guess the number from 51 to 100
# Guess the number: 70
# Guess the number from 51 to 69
# Guess the number: 55
# Guess the number from 56 to 69
# Guess the number: 52
# Guess the number from 53 to 69

为了解决这个问题,需要在更改 min_valmax_val 时,判断取值是否在当前范围内:

guess_number.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <random>

int main() {
int min_val = 1;
int max_val = 100;
std::random_device rd;
std::mt19937 gen(rd());
std::uniform_int_distribution<> distrib(min_val, max_val);
int answer = distrib(gen);

std::cout << "The answer is: " << answer << '\n';

while (true) {
int guess_number;
std::cout << "Guess the number: ";
std::cin >> guess_number;

if (guess_number == answer) {
std::cout << "Congratulations!\n";
break;
} else if (guess_number < answer) {
min_val = guess_number < min_val ? min_val : guess_number + 1;
std::cout << "Guess the number from " << min_val << " to " << max_val
<< '\n';
} else {
max_val = guess_number > max_val ? max_val : guess_number - 1;
std::cout << "Guess the number from " << min_val << " to " << max_val
<< '\n';
}
}
}

修改后的程序输出如下:

g++ --std=c++20 guess_number.cpp && ./a.out
# The answer is: 57
# Guess the number: 50
# Guess the number from 51 to 100
# Guess the number: 70
# Guess the number from 51 to 69
# Guess the number: 55
# Guess the number from 56 to 69
# Guess the number: 52
# Guess the number from 56 to 69

整体代码

guess_number.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <random>

int main() {
int min_val = 1;
int max_val = 100;
std::random_device rd;
std::mt19937 gen(rd());
std::uniform_int_distribution<> distrib(min_val, max_val);
int answer = distrib(gen);

while (true) {
int guess_number;
std::cout << "Guess the number: ";
std::cin >> guess_number;

if (guess_number == answer) {
std::cout << "Congratulations!\n";
break;
} else if (guess_number < answer) {
min_val = guess_number < min_val ? min_val : guess_number + 1;
std::cout << "Guess the number from " << min_val << " to " << max_val
<< '\n';
} else {
max_val = guess_number > max_val ? max_val : guess_number - 1;
std::cout << "Guess the number from " << min_val << " to " << max_val
<< '\n';
}
}
}